by Dismal-Jellyfish

www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h8/20230526/

fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DPSACBW027SBOG

A little over a year ago (4/13/2022) the high was hit at $18,158.3536 billion

Date	Deposits, All Commercial Banks (billions)	Down from all time high (billions)
4/13/2022	$18,158	0
2/22/2023 (Run picks up speed)	$17,690	-$468 billion
3/1/2023	$17,662	-$496 billion
3/8/2023	$17,599	-$559 billion
3/15/2023	$17,428	-$730 billion
3/22/2023	$17,256	-$902 billion
3/29/2023	$17,192	-$966 billion
4/5/2023	$17,253	-$905 billion
4/12/2023	$17,168	-$990 billion
4/19/2023	$17,180	-$978 billion
4/26/2023	$17,164	-$994 billion
5/3/2023	$17,149	-$1,009 billion
5/10/2023	$17,123	-$1,035 billion
5/17/2023	$17,152	-$1006 billion

All this money pulled from commercial banks as M2 (U.S. money stock–currency and coins held by the non-bank public, checkable deposits, and travelers’ checks, plus savings deposits, small time deposits under 100k, and shares in retail money market funds) is decreasing:

fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2SL

www.federalreserve.gov/releases/h6/current/default.htm

A little less than a year ago (July 2022) the M2 high was hit at $21,703 billion

Date	M2 (billions)	Down from all time high (billions)
July 2022	$21,703	0
August 2022	$21,660	-$43 billion
September 2022	$21,524	-$179 billion
October 2022	$21,432	-$271 billion
November 2022	$21,398	-$305 billion
December 2022	$21,358	-$345 billion
January 2023	$21,212	-$491 billion
February 2023*	$21,076	-$627 billion
March 2023	$20,840	-$863 billion
April 2023	$20,673	-$1030 billion

^\Bank run in commercial banks picked up in February 2023.)

1. M1 consists of (1) currency outside the U.S. Treasury, Federal Reserve Banks, and the vaults of depository institutions; (2) demand deposits at commercial banks (excluding those amounts held by depository institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign banks and official institutions) less cash items in the process of collection and Federal Reserve float; and (3) other liquid deposits, consisting of other checkable deposits (or OCDs, which comprise negotiable order of withdrawal, or NOW, and automatic transfer service, or ATS, accounts at depository institutions, share draft accounts at credit unions, and demand deposits at thrift institutions) and savings deposits (including money market deposit accounts). Seasonally adjusted M1 is constructed by summing currency, demand deposits, and other liquid deposits, each seasonally adjusted separately.
2. M2 consists of M1 plus (1) small-denomination time deposits (time deposits in amounts of less than $100,000) less individual retirement account (IRA) and Keogh balances at depository institutions; and (2) balances in retail money market funds (MMFs) less IRA and Keogh balances at MMFs. Seasonally adjusted M2 is constructed by summing small-denomination time deposits and retail MMFs, each seasonally adjusted separately, and adding the result to seasonally adjusted M1.
3. Currency in circulation consists of Federal Reserve notes and coin outside the U.S. Treasury and Federal Reserve Banks.
4. Reserve balances are balances held by depository institutions in master accounts and excess balance accounts at Federal Reserve Banks.
5. Monetary base equals currency in circulation plus reserve balances.
6. Total reserves equal reserve balances plus, before April 2020, vault cash used to satisfy reserve requirements.
7. Total borrowings in millions of dollars from the Federal Reserve are borrowings from the discount window’s primary, secondary, and seasonal credit programs and other borrowings from emergency lending facilities. For borrowings included, see “Loans” in table 1 of the H.4.1 statistical release.
8. Nonborrowed reserves equal total reserves less total borrowings from the Federal Reserve.

However, borrowing from the liquidity fairy is spiraling to make up for it shrinking M2 and dwindling deposits:

1. Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP)
2. Discount Window/Primary Credit
3. “Other Credit Extensions”

Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP):

fred.stlouisfed.org/series/H41RESPPALDKNWW

Tool	Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP)	Up from 3/15, 1st week of program ($ billion)
3/15	$11.943 billion	$0 billion
3/22	$53.669 billion	$41.723 billion
3/29	$64.403 billion	$52.460 billion
3/31	$64.595 billion	$52.652 billion
4/5	$79.021 billion	$67.258 billion
4/12	$71.837 billion	$59.894 billion
4/19	$73.982 billion	$62.039 billion
4/26	$81.327 billion	$69.384 billion
5/3	$75.778 billion	$63.935 billion
5/10	$83.101 billion	$71.158 billion
5/17	$87.006 billion	$75.063 billion
5/24	$91.907 billion	$79.964 billion

​

• Association, or credit union) or U.S. branch or agency of a foreign bank that is eligible for primary credit (see 12 CFR 201.4(a)) is eligible to borrow under the Program.
• Banks can borrow for up to one year, at a fixed rate for the term, pegged to the one-year overnight index swap rate plus 10 basis points.
• Banks have to post collateral (valued at par!).
• Any collateral has to be “owned by the borrower as of March 12, 2023.”
• Eligible collateral includes any collateral eligible for purchase by the Federal Reserve Banks in open market operations.

Discount Window/Primary Credit:

fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WLCFLPCL

Tool	Discount Window	Down from 3/15 high
3/15	$152.853 billion	$0 billion
3/22	$110.248 billion	-$42.605 billion
3/29	$88.157 billion	-$64.696 billion
4/5	$69.705 billion	-$83.148 billion
4/12	$67.633 billion	-$85.22 billion
4/19	$69.925 billion	-$82.928 billion
4/26	$73.855 billion	-$78.998 billion
5/3	$.5345 billion	-$152.3185 billion
5/10	$.9323 billion	-$151.9207 billion
5/17	$.9048 billion	-$151.9482 billion
5/24	$.4211 billion	-$152.4319 billion

Primary Credit allows banks to borrow against collateral at the current federal funds rate:

Overview:

Federal Reserve lending to depository institutions (the “discount window”) plays an important role in supporting the liquidity and stability of the banking system and the effective implementation of monetary policy.

By providing ready access to funding, the discount window helps depository institutions manage their liquidity risks efficiently and avoid actions that have negative consequences for their customers, such as withdrawing credit during times of market stress. Thus, the discount window supports the smooth flow of credit to households and businesses. Providing liquidity in this way is one of the original purposes of the Federal Reserve System and other central banks around the world.

​

The “Primary Credit” program is the principal safety valve for ensuring adequate liquidity in the banking system. Primary credit is priced relative to the FOMC’s target range for the federal funds rate and is normally granted on a “no-questions-asked,” minimally administered basis. There are no restrictions on borrowers’ use of primary credit.

www.frbdiscountwindow.org/Pages/General-Information/Primary-and-Secondary-Lending-Programs.aspx

Examples of common borrowing situations:

• Tight money markets or undue market volatility
• Preventing an overnight overdraft
• Meeting a need for funding, including a short-term liquidity demand that may arise from unexpected deposit withdrawals or a spike in loan demand

The introduction of the primary credit program in 2003 marked a fundamental shift – from administration to pricing – in the Federal Reserve’s approach to discount window lending. Notably, eligible depository institutions may obtain primary credit without exhausting or even seeking funds from alternative sources. Minimal administration of and restrictions on the use of primary credit makes it a reliable funding source. Being prepared to borrow primary credit enhances an institution’s liquidity.

Notice how use of the Discount Window has PLUMMETED as BTFP has come in to play? BTFP offers slightly lower interest and longer terms. I wonder how many folks paid back their Discount Window loans with BTFP money?

“Other credit extensions”:

fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WLCFOCEL

Tool	Other Credit Extension	Up from 3/15, 1st week of program ($ billion)
3/15	$142.8 billion	$0 billion
3/22	$179.8 billion	$37 billion
3/29	$180.1 billion	$37.3 billion
4/5	$174.6 billion	$31.8 billion
4/12	$172.6 billion	$29.8 billion
4/19	$172.6 billion	$29.8 billion
4/26	$170.3 billion	$27.5 billion
5/3	$228.2 billion	$85.4 billion
5/10	$212.5 billion	$69.7billion
5/17	$208.5 billion	$65.7 billion
5/24	$192.6 billion	$49.8 billion

“Other credit extensions” includes loans that were extended to depository institutions established by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The Federal Reserve Banks’ loans to these depository institutions are secured by collateral and the FDIC provides repayment guarantees.

For example, $114 billion in face value Agency Mortgage Backed Securities, Collateralized Mortgage Obligations, and Commercial Mortgage Backed Securities about to be liquidated ‘gradual and orderly’ with the ‘aim to minimize the potential for any adverse impact on market functioning’ by BlackRock.

How I understand this works:

• The FDIC created temporary banks to support the operations of the ones they have taken over.
• The FDIC did not have the money to operate these banks.
• The Fed is providing that in the form of a loan via “Other credit extensions”.
• The FDIC is going to sell the taken over banks assets.
• Whatever the difference between the sale of the assets and the ultimate loan number is, will be the amount split up amongst all the remaining banks and applied as a special fee to make the Fed ‘whole’.
• It can be argued the consumer will ultimately end up paying for this as banks look to pass this cost on in some way.

There has been an update on this piece recently:

Whatever the difference between the sale of the assets and the ultimate loan number is, will be the amount split up amongst all the remaining banks and applied as a special fee to make the Fed ‘whole’.

FDIC Board of Directors Issues a Proposed Rule on Special Assessment Pursuant to Systemic Risk Determination of approximately $15.8 billion. It is estimated that a total of 113 banking organizations would be subject to the special assessment.

www.fdic.gov/news/fact-sheets/systemic-risk-determination-5-11-23.html

Funny, the usage this week appears to be down about as much as this assessment as well

What does all this borrowing look like for the banks? They sure as heck aren’t getting funding from deposits…:

Over the few weeks prior to the FDIC receivership announcements on March 10 and 12, the banking sector lost another approximately $450 billion. Throughout, the banking sector has offset the reduction in deposit funding with an increase in other forms of borrowing which has increased by $800 billion since the start of the tightening.

The right panel of the chart below summarizes the cumulative change in deposit funding by bank size category since the start of the tightening cycle through early March 2023 and then through the end of March. Until early March 2023, the decline in deposit funding lined up with bank size, consistent with the concentration of deposits in larger banks. Small banks lost no deposit funding prior to the events of late March. In terms of percentage decline, the outflows were roughly equal for regional, super-regional, and large banks at around 4 percent of total deposit funding:

The blue bar in the left panel above shows that the pattern changes following the run on SVB. The additional outflow is entirely concentrated in the segment of super-regional banks. In fact, most other size categories experience deposit inflows.

The right panel illustrates that outflows at super-regionals begin immediately after the failure of SVB and are mirrored by deposit inflows at large banks in the second week of March 2022.

Further, while deposit funding remains at a lower level throughout March for super-regional banks, the initially large inflows mostly reverse by the end of March. Notably, banks with less than $100 billion in assets were relatively unaffected.

However, during the most acute phase of banking stress in mid-March, other borrowings exceeded reductions in deposit balances, suggesting significant and widespread demand for precautionary liquidity. A substantial amount of liquidity was provided by the private markets, likely via the FHLB system, but primary credit and the Bank Term Funding Program (both summarized as Federal Reserve credit) were equally important.

• Large banks increased borrowing the most, which is in line with deposit outflows being strongest for larger banks before March 2023.
• During March 2023, both super-regional and large banks increase their borrowings, with most increases being centered in the super-regional banks that faced the largest deposit outflows.
• Note, however, that not all size categories face deposit outflows but that all except the small banks increase their other borrowings.
• This pattern suggests demand for precautionary liquidity buffers across the banking system, not just among the most affected institutions:

• Banks have been replacing deposit outflows with the borrowing we have covered above.

TLDRS:

• Folks have pulled $1,006 billion in deposits since 4/13/2022
• Folks have pulled $538 billion in deposits since 2/22/2023
• Folks have pulled $16 billion in deposits since 4/12/2023
• Folks have added $29 billion in deposits 5/10-5/17
• The bank run takes a transitory break?
• With more and more money being pulled, where will collateral for short positions come from?!?…
  • As we have seen above, so far it has been the liquidity fairy…